The Origin of History of the Island of Bali
Bali Art - Bali is the name of one of the provinces in Indonesia and is also the name of the largest island that is part of the province.
Besides consisting of the island of Bali, the province of Bali also consists of smaller islands in the vicinity, namely Nusa Penida Island, Nusa Lembongan Island, Nusa Ceningan Island and Serangan Island.
Bali is located between Java Island and Lombok Island. Its provincial capital is Denpasar which is located in the southern part of the island. The majority of Bali's population are Hindus.
In the world, Bali is well known as a tourism destination with its unique art-culture variety, especially for Japanese and Australian tourists. Bali is also known as Pulau Dewata and Pulau Seribu Pura.
Bali has been inhabited by Austronesians around 2000 BC who migrated and originated from Taiwan via Maritime Southeast Asia.
The culture and language of the Balinese are so closely related to people from the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Oceania. The stone tools originating from that moment have been found near the village of Cekik to the west of the island of Bali.
In ancient Balinese times, there were nine Hindu sects of Pasupata, Bhairawa, Shiva Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each sect honors a particular deity as its personal Godhead. Balinese culture is heavily influenced by Indian, Chinese, and especially Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD.
The name Bali Dwipa ("island of Bali") has been found from various inscriptions, including the pillar of the Blanjong inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD which mentions "Walidwipa".
At that time a complex Subak irrigation system was developed to grow rice. Some religious and cultural traditions still exist today and can be traced back to that time.
The Majapahit Hindu kingdom (1293-1520 AD) in East Java established a colony in Bali in 1343. As the heyday has decreased, there was a massive exodus of intellectuals, artists, priests and musicians from Java to Bali in the 15th century .
ORIGIN HISTORY ISLAND BALI
THE HISTORY OF BALI ISLAND FOR PROSPERITY
The prehistoric era of Bali is the beginning of the history of Balinese society, which is characterized by the life of the community at that time who have not known writing.
Although in prehistoric times it has not been known to write the writing of his life history, but the evidence of life in the community at that time can also recount the existence of prehistoric times took place in the period long enough, then the evidence has been found up to now is certainly not can meet all our expectations.
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| Dance Topeng Tua, one of the traditional art relics of Bali. |
Thanks to the diligent and skillful research of foreign experts, especially the Dutch and Indonesian sons, the development of prehistoric times in Bali is getting brighter.
Attention to the primacy in Bali was first given by a naturalist named Georg Eberhard Rumpf, in 1705 which was published in his book Amboinsche Reteitkamer. As a pioneer in archeological research in Bali is W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp who visited Bali in 1906 as a painter.
He traveled to explore Bali. And provide some notes, among others, about the nekara Pejeng, Trunyan, and Pura Bukit Penulisan. Attention to the Pejeng nekara was continued by K.C Crucq in 1932 who managed to find three parts mold nekara Pejeng in Pura Manuaba Village, Tegallalang.
The prehistoric research in Bali was followed by Dr. H.A.R. van Heekeren with the result of writing entitled Sarcopagus on Bali in 1954. In 1963 prehistoric expert son of Indonesia Drs. R.P. Soejono did this digging done continuously in 1973, 1974, 1984, 1985.
Based on the results of the research that has been done on the findings originating from the shore of Gilimanuk Bay, it is suspected that the location of Gilimanuk Site is a fishing village of the perundagian period in Bali. In this place now stands a museum.
Based on the evidence that has been found to date in Bali, people's lives or Balinese in Balinese prehistory can be divided into:
• The period of hunting and gathering simple levels of food
• The period of hunting and gathering of advanced foods
• Cultivation period
• Perundagian period
HISTORY OF BALI ISLAND HUNTING AND COLLECT SIMPLE LEVEL FOOD
Remnants of the earliest known cultures with studies conducted since 1960 are found in Sambiran (eastern Buleleng), as well as on the eastern and southeastern edge of Lake Batur (Kintamani) stone tools that are classified as hand-axes, axes impact, shrink and so on. Stone tools found in both areas are now stored in the Museum Gedong Arca in Bedulu, Gianyar.
The life of the population at this time is very simple, completely dependent on the nature of the environment. They live wandering from one place to another (nomadic). The areas he chooses are areas with sufficient food and water supplies to ensure their survival. Hunting life is done by small groups and the results are shared.
The hunting task is done by men, because this work requires considerable energy to deal with any possible dangers.
Women only served to complete light work such as collecting food from the natural surroundings. Until now there has been no evidence whether humans at that time have known the language as a tool to tell each other.
Although the evidence in Bali is incomplete, the evidence found in Pacitan (East Java) may be used as a guide.
Experts estimate that the stone tools of Pacitan that are contemporaries and have much in common with the stone tools of the Sembiran, are produced by the human kind. Pithecanthropus erectus or his descendants. Then maybe new tools from Sambiran are produced by Pithecanthropus or his descendants.
HISTORY OF BALI ISLAND HUNTING AND COLLECTING FURTHER LEVELS
At this time the lifestyle that comes from the past is still influential. Living hunting and collecting food contained in the surroundings continued to be evident from the form of tools made of stone, bones and shell.
Evidence of human life in the mesolithic era was found in 1961 in Selonding Cave, Pecatu (Badung). This cave is located in the limestone mountains on the Benoa Peninsula. In this area there is a larger cave is the Coral Cave Boma, but this cave does not provide a proof of life that ever took place there.
In Selonding Cave excavations found tools consisting of shale and drawn tools of stone and a number of tools of bone. Among the bone tools there are several muduk plot is a tool along the 5 cm that both ends are sharpened.
These tools are also found in a number of South Sulawesi caves at the level of cultural development of Toala and are well known in East Australia. Outside Bali, cave walls were found, depicting socioeconomic life and public confidence at the time.
The paintings on the wall of the cave or in the walls of the coral include the hand-stamped cap, the pig of the deer, the bird, the man, the boat, the sun symbol, the eye painting and so on.
Some of the other paintings are more developed in later traditions and the meaning of being lighter also include lizard paintings such as those found on Seram Island and Papua, possibly containing the magical powers considered to be the embodiment of the spirit of an ancestor or tribal chief.
THE HISTORY OF BALI ISLAND MATCHED PLANTS
Planting time is born through a long process and can not be separated from prehistoric human efforts in meeting the needs of his life in previous times.
Neolithic period is very important in the history of the development of society and civilization, because at this time some new discoveries in the form of control of natural resources to accelerate. The livelihood of collecting food (food gathering) is transformed into food producing.
This change is actually very significant considering the profound and widespread impacts of the economy and culture.
Remnants of life from planting in Bali, among others, a square stone ax in various sizes, belincung and panarah tree trunks. Kern theory and the theory of Von Heine-Geldern known that the ancestors of the Austronesian, which started coming in our islands about 2000 years BC was the Neolithic era.
This culture has two branches is a square ax branch spread from the Asian plain through the western road and its remains are mainly in the western part of Indonesia and the oval ax is spreading through the eastern road and the remains are evenly distributed in the eastern part of our country.
Neolithic cultural supporters (square axes) were Austronesians and the first displacement wave was followed by displacement in the second wave that occurred in the bronze period of approximately 500 BC. The Austronesian migration to Southeast Asia, especially by using the type of outrigger boat that is famous at this time.
At this time allegedly has grown trade with the exchange of goods (barter) required. In this case as a corresponding tool required the existence of the language. Experts argue that Indonesian at this time is Malay Polynesian or known as Austronesian language.
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| Dalem Watu Renggong, The King Of Bali |
HISTORY OF BALI ISLAND OF TRAINING
In the neolithic period humans reside in groups and organize their lives according to needs that are centered on producing their own foodstuffs (agriculture and livestock).
In this period of permanent residence, human effort to improve its activities in order to achieve maximum results in meeting the needs of his life.
This type of human being inhabiting Indonesia can be known from the discovery of skeletal remains from various places, most important of which are the findings of Anyer Lor (Banten), Puger (East Java), Gilimanuk (Bali) and Melolo (Sumbawa) .
From the many skeletal findings showing human characteristics. While the findings in Gilimanuk with the number of skeletons found 100 fruit shows strong Mongoloid features as seen on the teeth and face. On the human skeleton Gilimanuk seen dental disease and gout that many attack humans at that time.
Based on the evidence that has been found can be seen that in the society of Bali at the time of perundagian burgeoning burial tradition in certain ways.
The first way of burial is to use a coffin or sarcophagus made of soft rock or hard rock. The way of burial is to use a jars made of clay as found on the shore of Gilimanuk (Jembrana).
The findings in this place are quite interesting among them there are almost 100 pieces of human skeleton adults and children, in complete and incomplete circumstances.
The burial tradition with jars is also found in Anyar (Banten), Sabbang (South Sulawesi), Selayar, Rote and Melolo (Sumba). Outside Indonesia, this tradition has grown in the Philippines, Thailand, Japan and Korea.
Megalithic culture is a culture that mainly produces buildings of large stones. These stones have usually not been done subtly, just roughly leveled to get the required shape.
In the area of Bali the megalithic tradition still seems alive and functioning in the life of today's society. The important findings are the standing stone (menhir) contained in Pura Ratu Gede Pancering Jagat in Trunyan. In the temple there is a statue called Da Tonta statue that has characteristics that come from the period of megalithic tradition. This statue is almost 4 meters high.
The other findings are in Sembiran (Buleleng), which is famous as the ancient Balinese village, besides Trunyan and Tenganan villages. The megalithic tradition in the village of Sembiran can be seen in the temples that local people adore to this day.
From 20 temples turns out 17 temples show megalithic forms and are generally made very simple. Among them there are terraces terraces, stones stand in palinggih and some are just a composition of stone times.
Another important finding is also in the form of megalithic buildings located in Gelgel (Klungkung).
The important finding in Gelgel village is a menhir statue that is located in Pura Panataran Jro Agung. Menhir statue is made of stone with female genital protrusion that contains important religious values that is as a symbol of fertility that can give life to the community.
THE HISTORY OF BALI ISLAND ON 1343-1846 YEARS
THE ESTATE OF GAJAH MADA EXPEDITION
Gajah Mada Expedition to Bali was done when Bali was ruled by Bedahulu Kingdom with Raja Astasura Ratna Bumi Banten and Patih Kebo Iwa. By first killing Kebo Iwa, Gajah Mada led the expedition with Commander Arya Damar with the help of some arya.
This attack resulted in a battle between the forces of Gajah Mada with the Kingdom Bedahulu. This battle resulted in the king Bedahulu and his son's death. After Pasung Grigis surrender, there is a vacuum of government in Bali.
For that, Majapahit appointed Sri Krishna Kepakisan to lead the government in Bali with the consideration that Sri Krishna Kepakisan has blood relation with Bali Aga residents. From here came the dynasty of Kepakisan.
HISTORY OF BALI ISLAND THE KING OF GELGEL
Due to incompetence Raden Agra Samprangan became king, Raden Samprangan replaced by Dalem Ketut Ngulesir. By Dalem Ketut Ngulesir, the center of government was moved to Gelgel (read / gɛl'gɛl /). It was at this time that the Gelgel Period and King Dalem Ketut Ngulesir were the first kings.
The second king is Dalem Watu Renggong (1460-1550). Dalem Watu Renggong ascended the throne with a stable royal heritage so that he could develop his ability and authority to prosper the Kingdom of Gelgel.
Under the rule of Watu Renggong, Bali (Gelgel) reached its heyday. After Dalem Watu Renggong died he was replaced by Dalem Bekung (1550-1580), while the last king of the Gelgel era was Dalem Di Made (1605-1686).
THE HISTORY OF BALI ISLAND IN THE KINGDOM OF KLUNGKUNG KINGDOM
The Kingdom of Klungkung is actually a continuation of the Gelgel Dynasty. Rebellion I Gusti Agung Maruti has ended the Gelgel Period. It happened because after Dalem Di Made's son was mature and able to defeat I Gusti Agung Maruti, Gelgel's palace was not restored.
Gusti Agung Jambe as the son who is entitled to the royal throne, apparently did not want to reign in Gelgel, but chose a new place as the center of government, the former hiding place in Semarapura.
Thus, the Great God Jambe (1710-1775) was the first king of the Klungkung era. The second king is the Great God In Made I, while the last king of Klungkung is the Great God In Made II. In the days of Klungkung this royal territory split into small kingdoms. These small kingdoms went on to become self-governing (numbered eight) which in the liberation era was known as the district.
KINGDOM OF KLUNGKUNG CLOSURE
- Badung Kingdom, which later became Badung Regency.
- Mengwi Kingdom, which later became Mengwi Sub-district.
- Bangli Kingdom, which later became Bangli District.
- Kingdom of Buleleng, which later became Buleleng Regency.
- Gianyar Kingdom, which later became Gianyar Regency.
- Kingdom of Karangasem, which later became Karangasem Regency.
- Klungkung Kingdom, which later became Klungkung Regency.
- The Kingdom of Tabanan, which later became Tabanan Regency.
- Kingdom of Denpasar, which later became the City of Denpasar.
Similarly, a brief article from Bali Art on the history of the island of Bali from prehistoric times to the Kingdom of Klungkung, may be useful.
